Test Methods for Water Content in Petroleum Products Petroleum products refer to the general term for various commodities obtained through processing, using petroleum or a certain part of petroleum as raw materials. Different from unprocessed crude oil (a dark brown viscous liquid), they are the products of crude oil processed in refineries. There is a wide variety of petroleum products, which can be mainly divided into the following six major categories: fuels, solvents and chemical raw materials, lubricants, paraffin and its products, petroleum asphalt, and petroleum coke. Purpose of the Experiment The main purposes of determining the water content in petroleum products are to ensure the quality of the oil products, guarantee production safety, and optimize application performance. By measuring the water content, the actual quantity of the oil products can be accurately calculated. The presence of water can cause various hazards to the use and production process of petroleum products: triggering low-temperature failures; water can promote the oxidation and gelatinization of oil products, shortening their service life; and damaging the lubrication system. Based on the determination results of water content, appropriate dehydration methods can be identified, and the production process can be controlled. Experimental Instruments & Samples Experimental Samples：Petroleum Products Experimental Instrument：SH103A automatic trace moisture meter Complying with the standard ASTM D1744 Testing method 1.Titration Operation: Add the sample solvent (with Karl Fischer reagent already added) into the titration flask, then add the prepared oil sample into the flask, and ensure the sample is completely dissolved. 2.Data Recording: Record the volume of Karl Fischer reagent consumed during the titration process.‌ Experimental Results The measured water content is all below 50 ppm, which is far lower than the requirement of GB 36170-2018 (≤0.5% water content in crude oil, equivalent to 5000 ppm), indicating that the oil product is of excellent quality.

The ST102 Adhesive testing machine for ointment patches is designed in strict accordance with the requirements of the 2020 Chinese Pharmacopoeia "0952 Adhesion Force Determination Method". It adopts modern mechanical design concepts, ergonomic design principles and advanced microcomputer processing technology, featuring novel design, convenient use, excellent performance and beautiful appearance. It is mainly used for testing the adhesive force of ointment patches. Load range: the range of force that the instrument can measure, with the unit of mN. The ST102 Adhesive testing machine for ointment patches has a load range of 0-5000mN. Its main features include: using high-precision force sensors to ensure testing accuracy errors within ±1%; adopting stepper motor control for accurate and stable movement of the measuring head and good repeatability of measurement results; friendly human-machine interface operation with fully automatic testing, testing data statistics and processing functions, and output from a micro printer; automatic memorization and display of test results to reduce human error; and being equipped with computer connection software for automatic communication, storage and printing of test results.

The Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer is an analytical instrument designed based on the principle of the Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method. Its core function is to measure the content of nitrogen-containing substances such as ammonia nitrogen and protein nitrogen in various samples. The accuracy of its test results is directly related to the quality assessment of food, feed and other products. In practical applications, after the samples are digested at high temperatures in a digestion furnace, they are distilled through a still. The nitrogen content is ultimately calculated, and then the content of substances such as protein is estimated. The ST-04BS Kjeldahl nitrogen determinator is composed of the ST-04B nitrogen determinator distiller and the ST-04C digital display digestion furnace, featuring efficient and precise detection capabilities. Its measurement range is wide and it can be used for the detection of various samples such as grains, foods, dairy products, beverages, feeds, soils, water, drugs, sediments and chemicals. The nitrogen content determination range is 0.02-95% (or 0.1-200 nitrogen), with a relative difference accuracy of up to 1%, which can meet the detection tasks with different precision requirements. The working voltage of this instrument is AC 220V 50HZ, with a total power of 1200W (including 800W for the distiller). It is equipped with a 4-hole digestion furnace and can process 4 samples at a time. It takes about 40 minutes to digest a batch of samples, balancing efficiency and capacity. The overall weight of the instrument is 25 kilograms, and its volume is 380×330×820mm, which is convenient for placement in the laboratory. The harmful gases such as SO₂ that escape during the digestion process can be discharged from the water into the sewer through the sewage pipe on the digestion furnace and the exhaust three-way valve, reducing the impact on the environment.   The test results of the ST-04BS Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer comply with the indicators stipulated in GB/T6432-2018 "Determination of Crude Protein in Feed - Kjeldahl Nitrogen Determination Method", and are applicable to multiple fields such as food processing, feed production, and environmental monitoring, providing reliable technical support for the quality control and component analysis of related products.

An instrument that determines the concentration, purity, sugar content or content of a sample by measuring the optical rotation of a substance is widely used in the production, research and teaching fields of industries such as sugar, pharmaceuticals, food, chemicals and petroleum, and can be used for laboratory analysis or process quality control. The ST-12B automatic touch screen sugar analyzer adopts a 7-inch TFT true-color touch screen. The control system is highly integrated and operates fully automatically, with convenient operation. Equipped with LED cold light source and high-precision interference filter, it has a service life of over 100,000 hours and a working wavelength of 589.3nm. It adopts the built-in Peltier temperature control technology, with a temperature control range of 15°C to 35°C and a temperature control accuracy of ±0.2°C, effectively enhancing the measurement accuracy and stability. The instrument can measure optical rotation, specific rotation, concentration and sugar content. The measurement range of optical rotation is ±89.99°, with an accuracy of ±0.01° (-45°≤ optical rotation ≤+45°). It supports USB and RS232 data output, can store 1000 data records, and has the function of retrieving historical data by test date, sample number, etc.   Experimental instruments ST-12B Automatic touch screen glucose meter 2. It is equipped with 200mm and 100mm specification test tubes, test tube protective sleeves, rubber gaskets and other accessories

The ST113 magnetic metal detector is a dedicated detection instrument developed in accordance with GB/T 5509-2008 "Determination of Magnetic Metal Substances in Flour of Grains and Oilseeds", which is used to determine the content of magnetic metal substances in flour grains and is applicable to multiple fields such as quality supervision, flour processing, and grain storage and transportation. The core technical specifications of this instrument include: the maximum sample capacity is 1kg, the sample recovery rate is no less than 95%, the blade and motor speed are both 50r/min, the motor power is 50W, the working voltage is AC220V, the overall weight of the machine is 12kg, and the external dimensions are 255×275×385mm. The magnetic induction intensity of the accompanying magnetic separation plate is no less than 120mT, the size of the strong magnetic area is 130mm×130mm, and the size of the separation plate is 210×210×6mm.   Shandong Shengtai Instrument Co., Ltd. offers the following quality guarantees for this instrument: The instrument and materials are brand new and in compliance with national standards, and come with the manufacturer's certificate of conformity. The main components comply with the technical requirements. The overall quality guarantee period for the machine is one year (excluding normal wear and tear of vulnerable parts). During the warranty period, any quality issues will be repaired free of charge. If the fault is caused by the user's responsibility, a reasonable charge will be made. We offer lifetime preferential supply of spare parts and provide complete machine maintenance. After the warranty period, only the cost will be charged for repair and technical services. The product packing includes one main unit, one magnetic separation plate, one power cord, one fuse tube, one user manual, one certificate of conformity and one warranty card.

Hardness is an important indicator for measuring the physical properties of grains and feeds, and it is directly related to the processing adaptability of grains, the palatability of feeds and their storage stability. During the production, transportation and use of grains and feed, their hardness can affect processing efficiency (such as grain dehulling and feed pelletizing) and the feeding effect of animals. Therefore, precise determination of hardness is of great significance. The determination of the hardness of grains and feed usually adopts the automatic hardness tester method. The hardness is characterized by detecting the maximum force required to break the grains or feed. The more stable the test value and the smaller the error, the higher the reference value of the test result. The ability of grains and feed to resist external forces without being crushed is called their hardness. In practical applications, hardness indicators are mainly used in two scenarios: one is the grain processing scenario, for instance, the hardness of wheat affects the flour yield and quality, and the hardness of corn is related to the efficiency of starch extraction; Secondly, in the feed production scenario, if the feed pellets are too hard, it will cause difficulties for animals to chew and reduce the digestion and absorption rate. If they are too hard, they are prone to breaking during transportation and generating dust. If they are too soft, they are likely to clump and deteriorate. For instance, when feed mills produce pellet feed for livestock and poultry, they need to keep the hardness within a reasonable range (usually 3-8kg) to balance animal feeding and product stability. The grain purchasing department also assesses the maturity and storage potential of grains by measuring their hardness.   The ST120B automatic hardness tester is a professional device specially designed for hardness testing of grains and feed. It adopts high-precision pressure sensors and a single-chip microcomputer control system, capable of automatically completing force value detection and data processing. This equipment is suitable for feed companies, agricultural colleges and universities, agricultural product quality inspection departments and grain and oil enterprises, and can be used to measure the hardness of samples such as corn, wheat and pellet feed. Its working principle is as follows: Pressure is applied uniformly through the motor feed mechanism. When the grain or feed reaches the maximum load-bearing capacity and breaks, the equipment automatically records the force value at this time, which is the hardness value of the sample. Meanwhile, the equipment can automatically calculate the maximum value, minimum value, average value and standard deviation of multiple groups of samples, and output the results through a thermal micro printer, providing reliable data basis for the quality control of grains and feed.